Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and tillage intensity in wheat as affected by precision nutrient management

ABSTRACT

The present studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different nutrient management practices under two tillage options in wheat. The experiments were laid out in split-plot design with a combination of two varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) and two tillage options (Conventional and No tillage) in the main plot and six precision nutrient management practices [absolute control, site-specific nutrient management with Nutrient Expert for wheat (SSNM-NE)(170 kg nitrogen (N)/ha), SSNM NE+GreenSeeker (GS)(153/158 N kg/ha), N₁₂₀ (120 kg N/ha) before irrigation, N₁₂₀ after irrigation and N Rich (180 kg N/ha)] in subplot replicated thrice. The grain yield and quality characters in no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were similar but agronomic efficiency was higher in NT. Both the varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) gave similar grain yield and quality. Wheat variety WH 1105 recorded significantly higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDS) and gluten index. The treatment SSNM NE+GS had resulted in 107.1% higher grain yield than no nitrogen control but similar to enriched N plot (180 kg N/ha). The grain protein, SDS and gluten index in need-based nutrient management (SSNM+GS) treatment were found to be similar as recorded in SSNM-NE (170 kgN/ha) and N enriched plot (180 kg N ha^?1). The agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency in SSNM+GS were also better than SSNM NE.     

三类病毒感染下的手足口病模型的动力学分析

建立了CA16病毒、 EV71病毒及其他病毒株感染下周期性发病的手足口病模型.得到了模型的基本再生数并用它证明了模型无病平衡点的全局渐近稳定性.另外,分析了单一病毒株周期解的稳定性.最后,发现基本再生数最大的病毒株会持续生存下来,其他两种病毒株会被竞争排斥掉.     

罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐清除效果研究

探索罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐的清除效果，为罗汉果花的开发利用提供相关理论依据。以罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐的清除率为考察指标，分别研究不同提取方法和提取溶剂所获得的提取液对亚硝酸盐的清除效果，在确定最佳提取方法和提取溶剂的基础上，通过单因素试验和正交试验对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明，采用蒸馏水作为溶剂，利用微波辅助浸提法效果较好，最佳提取工艺为：微波功率490 W，提取时间2 min，料液比1∶15（g/mL）。在此条件下，罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐清除率达到56.83%。     

网箱与微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼肌肉营养成分的比较与分析

本研究比较和分析网箱与微流水两种养殖模式下体质量(76.5±17.8)g和(67.2±8.1)g的齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti肌肉常规营养成分。结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中一般营养成分含量不存在显著性差异,均含有18种氨基酸;除色氨酸(Trp)和组氨酸(His)外,网箱组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中其余氨基酸、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量均显著低于微流水组。氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中必需氨基酸构成合理,色氨酸均为第一限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸在必需氨基酸中评分最高。两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中均含有21种脂肪酸,网箱组饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于微流水组,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于微流水组,且n-3/n-6比值要高于网箱组。综上所述,微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼营养价值更高。     

磁化水灌溉对保护地土壤质量及尖椒品质的影响

[目的]探讨磁化水处理技术对长期保护地栽培土壤矿质养分、生物酶活性、物理结构等土壤理化性状及果实品质的影响,为减缓保护地栽培土壤次生盐渍化进程及土壤质量改善提供理论依据,为磁化水处理技术的应用提供理论基础。[方法]以山东省寿光市洛城镇长期保护地栽培土壤和尖椒为试材,采用田间小区试验设计,设置磁化水灌溉处理,以非磁化水灌溉处理为对照,测定0~15cm土层中土壤全量养分、有效性养分和交换性养分含量、土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及土壤容重、孔隙度、土壤颗粒以及pH等土壤理化性质和果实品质指标,分析其变化特征。[结果]结果表明：(1)磁化水灌溉提高了尖椒果实中维生素C、花青素、还原糖含量和可溶性糖含量,提高比例分别为1.76~46.85%；降低了果实中有机酸含量。(2)磁化水灌溉处理促进了Fe、Cu、N和P在叶片中的累积,其含量高于果实,而Mn和Zn含量则略低于果实中含量；Fe含量提高比例最高,在叶片和果实中平均值为57.20%,其次为全磷含量,平均值为53.49%；且磁化水灌溉处理尖椒果实和叶片矿质元素含量均高于非磁化水灌溉处理。(3)磁化水灌溉保护地栽培土壤中N、P、Mn和Zn等元素全量含量降低,为2.04%~20.61%；Fe和Cu等元素全量含量提高为4.64%-6.48%；土壤交换性K、Na和Ca等离子含量降低,为2.15%~4.95%,而交换性Mg离子含量则提高；铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和有机质等有效性养分含量提高。(4)磁化水灌溉保护地栽培土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶等生物酶活性均有不同幅度的提高,为0.27%~24.75%。(5)磁化水灌溉保护地栽培土壤容重降低、孔隙度增加,黏粒和粉粒等细小颗粒含量增加,而砂粒含量则有所下降。[结论]综上所述,磁化水处理技术有利于土壤物理结构的改善,对土壤有效性养分累积和供应强度以及土壤生物酶活性有明显的促进作用,从而提高尖椒果实的鲜食品质；并通过调整交换性离子含量和组成以及土壤pH的调节,减缓保护地土壤次生盐渍化的发生。     

氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响

以新疆膜下滴灌棉田为试材,研究氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响。试验设11个处理:(1)常规施肥(NP);(2)80%常规施肥(80%NP);(3)80%常规施肥+低量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+LAA);(4)80%常规施肥+中量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+MAA);(5)80%常规施肥+高量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+HAA);(6)80%常规施肥+低量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+LFA);(7)80%常规施肥+中量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+MFA);(8)80%常规施肥+高量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+HFA);(9)80%常规施肥+低量沼液有机肥(80%NP+LBS);(10)80%常规施肥+中量沼液有机肥(80%NP+MBS);(11)80%常规施肥+高量沼液有机肥(80%NP+HBS);分别在蕾期、花期、成熟期采集0～20、20～40 cm土层土壤,测定土壤pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效养分含量。研究结果表明:(1)蕾期时,80%常规施肥配施高量黄腐酸、沼液有机肥显著降低了0～20 cm土层土壤pH值,并对提高土壤速效氮、速效磷含量效果最好。(2)花期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷含量效果最好。(3)成熟期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对降低0～20 cm土层土壤pH值、提高土壤有机质含量效果最好。综上所述,新疆滴灌棉田应用80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥效果最好,是新疆滴灌棉田提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率的有效途径。     

预酶解-滚筒干燥加工工艺对全麦片品质的影响

【目的】探讨预酶解-滚筒干燥处理对全麦片品质特性的影响,为高品质全麦片的加工提供理论依据。【方法】以小麦全粉为原料,采用α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶及其复合酶进行预酶解-滚筒干燥制备全麦片：未经预酶解处理直接滚筒干燥全麦片（drum-dried whole wheat groats,DWG）,α-淀粉酶-滚筒干燥速食全麦片（drum-dried whole wheat groats with α-Amylase,DWGA）,纤维素酶-滚筒干燥速食全麦片（drum-dried whole wheat groats with cellulase,DWGC）,α-淀粉酶-纤维素酶-滚筒干燥速食全麦片（drum-dried whole wheat groats with α-Amylase and cellulase,DWGAC）,以及以小麦精粉为原材料制备直接滚筒干燥精麦片（drum-dried refined wheat groats,DRG）,分别测定其复水性速率、结块率、水溶性指数、吸水性指数、糊化度、黏度、色度,淀粉、还原糖、植酸含量、淀粉和蛋白质消化特性等指标,比较并分析预酶解-滚筒干燥对全麦片品质特性的影响。【结果】预酶解-滚筒干燥处理能显著改善全麦片的冲调性,其中DWG样品复水速率最低,DWGAC复水速率最高,与对照样品DWG相比,DWGA、DWGC、DWGAC的结块率显著降低。预酶解-滚筒干燥处理显著提高了全麦片的溶解性,其中DWGA、DWGC、DWGAC相比于DWG水溶性指数分别提高了4.98、2.07和5.04倍。同时,预酶解-滚筒干燥处理使全麦片的淀粉、植酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,还原糖含量和糊化度显著升高（P＜0.05）,适当降低了全麦片的色度。此外,预酶解-滚筒干燥处理使全麦片中快消化淀粉比例显著提高,快消化淀粉含量分别比对照增长了22.34%、34.84%和46.59%,其中DWGAC快消化淀粉含量最高;蛋白质体外消化速率加快,蛋白质体外消化率分别提高了0.33、0.25、0.26倍,消化率升高。【结论】预酶解-滚筒干燥处理提高了全麦片的冲调分散性,降低了结块率和黏度,提高了淀粉和蛋白质体外消化性能,对全麦片品质有提升作用。     

Xylanase and xylo- oligosaccharide prebiotic improve the growth performance and concentration of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides in the ileum of broiler chickens

ABSTRACT

1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing broiler diets with xylanase or xylo- oligosaccharide (XOS) on growth performance, the concentration of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolysis products in the ileum and concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the caeca of broiler chickens.

2. In total, 500 male Ross 308 broilers were used in this 29-day (d) study. The treatments were organised into a 2 × 2 plus 1 factorial arrangement consisting of two additives (xylanase or XOS) at two levels (low or high) plus a control treatment with no additives. This gave five treatments with 100 birds in each treatment group. The diets were slightly deficient in protein by 20 g/kg and energy by 1 MJ/kg.

3. On d 14 and 28, two birds per pen were euthanised, the caeca content collected and analysed for short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration. On d 29, six birds per pen were euthanised and ileal digesta were collected and analysed for the concentration of NSP fractions.

4. On d 14, caecal acetic acid, iso-butyric acid, iso-valeric acid, n-valeric acid and total SCFA concentrations were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) when diets were supplemented with XOS compared with xylanase.

5. Ileal concentration of arabinose, galactose and glucuronic acid (GlucA2) were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the insoluble NSP fraction when diets were supplemented with a high level of xylanase, compared with the control treatment. Ileal concentration of fructose was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the water soluble NSP when a high level of xylanase or low level of XOS were included in the diet compared with the control.

6. It was concluded that xylanase and XOS had similar effects on NSP concentration and SCFA in the caeca, although there was little effect on performance. This observation demonstrated further benefits of xylanase supplementation in wheat-based broiler diets beyond digesta viscosity reduction and the release of extra nutrients.     

不同氮源营养盐对小球藻生长的影响

小球藻具有繁殖快、易培养等优点,在其生长过程受各种生态因子的影响,如温度、光照、营养盐等。本实验设计了4种不同的营养盐:硝酸钾、尿素、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵和6个不同的尿素浓度,研究不同的营养盐和营养盐浓度对小球藻生长的影响。实验结果表明,尿素对小球藻的促进作用要比硝酸钾、碳酸氢铵和硫酸铵明显,在一定浓度范围内,浓度越高促生长作用越明显。